Yayınlanmış 25.12.2025
Anahtar Kelimeler
- Yöneticilerde Empati Yoksunluğu, Kadın Çalışanlar, İş Yaşam Dengesi, Presenteeism
- Lack of Empathy in Managers, Female Employees, Work-Life Balance, Presenteeism
Nasıl Atıf Yapılır
Telif Hakkı (c) 2025 Bedirhan Elden

Bu çalışma Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License ile lisanslanmıştır.
Nasıl Atıf Yapılır
Öz
Bu araştırma, yöneticilerde gözlenen empati yoksunluğunun kadın çalışanların iş yaşam dengeleri ve presenteeism (işte fiziksel olarak bulunmalarına rağmen verimli olamama) davranışları üzerindeki etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Günümüz iş yaşamında özellikle kadın çalışanlar, iş ve aile yükümlülükleri arasında denge kurmaya çalışırken yönetsel destek eksikliği nedeniyle daha fazla baskı altında kalmakta ve bu durum, presenteeism sorununu derinleştirebilmektedir. Araştırma nicel yöntemle tasarlanmış ve veriler anket aracılığıyla 357 kadın çalışandan toplanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 25 programı ile analiz edilmiş; tanımlayıcı istatistiklerin yanı sıra korelasyon ve regresyon analizleri uygulanmıştır. Bulgular, yöneticilerin empati yoksunluğu ile çalışanların iş yaşam dengesi arasında negatif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğunu ortaya koyarken; empati eksikliğinin presenteeism eğilimini artırdığını göstermiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, kadın çalışanların özellikle yönetsel empati eksikliği karşısında hem psikolojik hem de performans açısından olumsuz etkilendiklerini göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın, iş yerlerinde empatik liderlik uygulamalarının önemine ve kadın çalışanların iş yaşam dengesi politikalarının geliştirilmesine yönelik katkı sağlaması hedeflenmektedir.
Referanslar
- Akçil, Ç. (2019). İş-yaşam dengesi ve iş tatmini: Bilişim sektöründe kadın çalışanlar üzerine bir araştırma (Master's thesis) Marmara Universitesi Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri Ana Bilim Dalı (Turkey).
- Albertsen, K., Rafnsdottir, G. L., Grimsmo, A., Tomas, K., & Kauppinen, K. (2008). Work hours and work life balance. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environ- ment & Health, 5, 14-21.
- Ali, R., Iqbal, S., Ditta, A., & Abdullah, F. (2025). The Interplay of Workload and Health among Women in Higher Education: A Systematic Review. ProScholar Insights. https://doi.org/10.62997/psi.2025a-41067
- Alobaid, A., Gosling, C., Khasawneh, E., Mckenna, L., & Williams, B. (2020). Challenges Faced by Female Healthcare Professionals in the Workforce: A Scoping Review. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 13, 681 - 691. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S254922
- Apaydın, Ç. (2011). Öğretim üyelerinin işe bağımlılık düzeyi ile iş-yaşam dengesi ve iş-aile yaşam dengesi arasındaki ilişki (Doctoral dissertation), Ankara Universitesi, Turkey.
- Ammendolia, C., Côté, P., Cancelliere, C., Cassidy, J., Hartvigsen, J., Boyle, E., Soklaridis, S., Stern, P., & Amick, B. (2016). Healthy and productive workers: using intervention mapping to design a workplace health promotion and wellness program to improve presenteeism. BMC Public Health, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3843-x
- Araneda-Guirriman, C., Garrido-Rivera, A., Sepúlveda-Páez, G., & Peñaloza-Díaz, G. (2025). Women's challenges in Chilean neoliberal academia: academic workload and its impact on work-life balance. Gender and Education, 37, 454 - 473. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2025.2471283
- Aronsson, G., Gustafsson, K., & Dallner, M. (2000). Sick but yet at work. An empirical study of sickness presenteeism. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 54(7), 502–509. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.54.7.502
- Aycan, Z., & Eskin, M. (2005). Relative contributions of childcare, spousal support, and organisational support in reducing work–family conflict for men and women: The case of Turkey. Sex Roles, 53(7-8), 453–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-7134-8
- Aydın, M. (1986) Çağdaş Eğitim Denetimi, İM Eğitim Araştırma Danışmanlık A.Ş. (2. Baskı), Ankara.
- Bahr, P. R. (2008). Does mathematics remediation work? A comparative analysis of academic attainment among community college students. Research in Higher Education, 49(5), 420-450. doi: 10.1007/s11162-008-9089-4
- Barsade, S. G. (2002). The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(4), 644-675.
- Baraglia, A. (2025). Orígenes de la empatía: un vínculo evolutivo y su impacto en el entorno laboral. Revista del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. https://doi.org/10.51987/rev.hosp.ital.b.aires.vi.393
- Bartlett, M., Arslan, F., Bankston, A., & Sarabipour, S. (2021). Ten simple rules to improve academic work–life balance. PLoS Computational Biology, 17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009124
- Baysal, İ. (2012). Presenteeism (İşte Var Olmama Sorunu) İle Örgütsel Bağlılık Arasındaki İlişki: Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Akademik Personeli Üzerine Bir Uygulama, (Yayımlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
- Bell, A.S., Rajendran, D., & Theiler, S. (2012). Job stress, well-being, work-life balance and work-life conflict among australian academics. Elecronic Journal of Applied Psychology, 8 (1), 25-37.
- Blair-Loy, M. (2009). Competing Devotions: Career and Family Among Women Executives. Harvard University Press.
- Bosson, J. K., Vandello, J. A., & Buckner, C. E. (2018). The psychology of sex and gender. Sage Publications.
- Boyatzis, R. E. (2009). Competencies as a behavioral approach to emotional intelligence. Journal of Management Development, 28(9), 749-770.
- Burton, J. W. (1990). Conflict: Human needs theory. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.
- Bustamante-Mora, A., Diéguez-Rebolledo, M., Hormazábal, Y., Valdés, Y., & Vidal, E. (2024). Policies, projects, and initiatives for sustainable higher education with gender equity: Literature review and case study—Universidad de La Frontera. Sustainability, 16(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125038
- Cameron, K. (2011). Positive leadership: Strategies for extraordinary performance. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
- Chen, X., Li, H., & Zhang, Y. (2025). The impact of nursing work environment, emotional intelligence, and empathy fatigue on nurses' presenteeism. BMC Nursing, 24(1), 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-02905-4
- Cherniss, C. (2000). Emotional intelligence: What it is and why it matters (p. 15). New Jersey: Rutgers University, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology.
- Cinamon, R. G., (2006), Anticipated Work-Family Conflict: Effects of Gender, Self Efficacy and Family Background, The Career Development Quarterly, 54, 202-215.
- Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53(6), 747–770. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726700536001
- Clavero, S., & Galligan, Y. (2021). Delivering gender justice in academia through gender equality plans? Normative and practical challenges. Gender, Work & Organisation. https://doi.org/10.1111/GWAO.12658
- Çetin, C., & Baş, M. (2021). Çalışma hayatında empatik liderliğin tükenmişlik ve presenteizm üzerindeki etkileri: Kadın çalışanlar üzerine bir araştırma. İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 8(2), 145–162.
- Çiftçi, B. (2010). İşte Var Ol(Ama)Ma Sorunu ve İşletmelerin Uygulayabileceği Çözüm Önerileri, Çalışma ve Toplum, Sayı: 1, 153-174.
- Çoban Ö. ve Harman S. (2012). Presenteeism: Nedenleri, Yarattığı Örgütsel Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri Üzerine Bir Alan Yazın Taraması, Sü İibf Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(23), ss.157-178.
- Dangaiso, P., Jaravaza, D., Mukucha, P., Bowora, A., Hlabiso, G., & Jonasi, J. (2024). More Pay and Benefits or Better Work-life Balance? Post Pandemic Perspectives on Employee Centricity among University Frontline Staff. Journal on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science. https://doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2024.170205
- Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
- Demerouti, E., Le Blanc, P. M., Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., & Hox, J. (2009). Present but sick: A three-wave study on job demands, presenteeism and burnout. Career Development International, 14, 50–68.
- Demirbolat, A. O. (1999). Yönetici ve empatik yaklaşım. Education and Science, 24(114).
- Dlamini, N., & Dlamini, N. (2024). Understanding the well-being challenges confronting academic staff in South African universities: a narrative review. Discover Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-024-00089-8
- Doherty, L. (2004). Work‐life balance initiatives: implications for women. Employee Relations, 26, 433-452. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450410544524.
- Dökmen, Ü. (2002). İletişim çatışmaları ve empati. İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık.
- Dutton, J. E., Walton, E. J., & Abrahamson, E. (1989). Important dimensions of strategic issues: Separating the wheat from the chaff. Journal of Management Studies, 26(4), 379-396.
- Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C. (2001). Work–life balance in the new millennium: Where are we? Where do we need to go? Canadian Policy Research Networks.
- Eagly, A. H., & Carli, L. L. (2007). Through the labyrinth: The truth about how women become leaders. Harvard Business Press.
- Edelmann, J. R. (1993) Interpersonal Conflicts at Work, The British Psychological Society, Leicester.
- Elden, B. (2025). İş Hayatında Uzaktan Çalışma Düzeyinin Presenteeism (İşte Varolmama Sorunu) İle İlişkisinin Ölçülmesi: Kamu Ve Vakıf Üniversiteleri Çalışanları Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 9(3), 872-891. https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.1618045
- Engbrecht, J., Hoefferle, C., Jasper, D., & Williams, H. (2024). Self‐awareness, empathy, and inclusion: A powerful trio. Enrollment Management Report. https://doi.org/10.1002/emt.31197
- Ertürk, E., Erdirençelebi, M., & Gökce, Ş. (2017). Presenteeism ile iş yaşam dengesi ilişkisi: Akademik personel üzerine çalışma. Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 193-203.
- Eshun, E., & Segbenya, M. (2024). Modelling the Mediating Role of Work-Life Balance on the Relationship Between Work Arrangement and Employee Performance in Higher Education. SAGE Open, 14. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241263447
- Eyitmiş, A. M. & Yıldırım, A. (2022). Sağlık çalışanlarının çalışma yaşam kalitesinin covid-19’a bağlı hastalık kaygısı, iş stresi ve iş tatmini çerçevesinde incelenmesi: alternatif model analizleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 13(35), 714–730.
- Fontinha, R., Easton, S., & Van Laar, D. (2019). Overtime and quality of working life in academics and nonacademics: The role of perceived work-life balance. International Journal of Stress Management. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000067
- Gentry, W. A., Weber, T. J., ve Sadri, G. (2016). Empathy in the workplace: A tool for effective leadership. Center for Creative Leadership In Annual Conference of the Society of Industrial Organizational Psychology, New York, NY, April.
- Ghamrawi, N., Abu-Shawish, R., Shal, T., & Ghamrawi, N. (2024). Destructive leadership behaviors: The case of academic middle leaders in higher education. International Journal of Educational Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2024.102382
- Goleman, D. (1998). What makes a leader? Harvard Business Review, 76(6), 93–102.
- Gosselin, E., Lemyre, L., & Corneil, W. (2013). Presenteeism and absenteeism: Differentiated understanding of related phenomena. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(1), 75–86.
- Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1985.4277352
- Guest, D.E. (2002). Perspectives on the study of work-life balance. Social Science Information, 41(2), 255-279.
- Haider, M., Earthy, I., Halim, S., & Islam, M. (2023). Presenteeism and academic performance: a cross-sectional study among undergraduate university students. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1108/jarhe-09-2022-0291
- Henkel, T., Ade, A., & Schmid, C. (2023). The Necessity for Advancing Supportive Professional Communication in the Workplace. Business and Professional Communication Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1177/23294906231206097
- Holmes, G., & Newnham, S. (2024). Business continuity, bureaucratic resilience and the limitations of neoliberal survival logics in international organisations. Review of International Studies. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0260210524000500
- Humphrey, R. H. (2013). The benefits of emotional intelligence and empathy to leadership. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(8), 485–496. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12044
- Johns, G. (2021). Presenteeism in the workplace: A review and research agenda. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42(5), 585–611.
- Kapiz Ö. S. (2002) İş-Aile-Yaşam Dengesi ve Dengeye Yönelik Yeni Bir Yaklaşım: Sınır Teorisi. DEU, SBED, 4 (3), 139-153.
- Karima, U. (2023). Burnout dan Work-Life Balance pada Dosen Wanita di Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq Jember. Psychospiritual: Journal of Trends in Islamic Psychological Research. https://doi.org/10.35719/psychospiritual.v2i1.23
- Kark, R., & Shamir, B. (2013). The dual effect of transformational leadership: Priming relational and collective selves and further effects on followers. In M. G. Rumsey (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Leadership (pp. 432–449). Oxford University Press.
- Kellett, J. B., Humphrey, R. H., & Sleeth, R. G. (2006). Empathy and the emergence of task and relations leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(2), 146–162.
- Kızıltepe, Z. (2007). Öğretim elemanlarında tükenmişlik, iş doyumu ve mesleğe yabancılaşma düzeyleri. Eğitim ve Bilim, 32(144), 71–79.
- Kim, S., Lee, H., & Park, Y. (2016). The impact of empathy and emotional labor on presenteeism in nursing professionals. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 63, 173–181.
- Kim, S., Lee, H., & Park, Y. (2021). Assessing the association between emotional labor and presenteeism among nurses in Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2891. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062891
- Kim, Y., Son, H., & Choi, S. (2020). Burnout as a mediator in the relationship between work–life balance and empathy in cancer care professionals. Healthcare, 8(4), 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040389
- Kinman, G., & Wray, S. (2021). 'Better than watching daytime TV': sickness presenteeism in UK academics. Studies in Higher Education, 47, 1724 - 1735. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2021.1957813
- Knight, A. P., & Eisenkraft, N. (2021). Positive affect and organisational citizenship behavior: The mediating role of psychological safety. Academy of Management Journal, 64(1), 62–89.
- Kock, N., Josiassen, A., ve Assaf, A. G. (2019). The importance of empathy as a trait in leadership. Journal of Leadership Studies, 13(1), 6–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21685
- Koçoğlu, M. (2007). İşletmelerde Presenteeism Sorunu ve İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi Çerçevesinde Mücadele Yöntemleri. (Yayımlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Köroğlu, Ö. (2012). İçsel ve dışsal iş doyum düzeyleri ile genel iş doyum düzeyiarasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi: turist rehberleri üzerinde bir araştırma. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 13(2), 275-289.
- Küçükusta, D. (2007). Konaklama işletmelerinde iş-yaşam dengesi sorunları ve çözüme yönelik yaklaşımlar. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(3), 243-268.
- Kwag, S., & Kim, M. (2023). A Study on the Presenteeism by Company Size. The Korean Data Analysis Society. https://doi.org/10.37727/jkdas.2022.25.1.279
- Lapierre, L. M., & Allen, T. D. (2006). Work‐supportive family, family‐supportive supervision, use of organisational benefits, and problem‐focused coping: Implications for work–family conflict and employee well‐being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(2), 169–181.
- Magalhães, S., Barbosa, J., & Borges, E. (2022). The relationship between presenteeism, quality of life and social support in higher education professionals: A cross-sectional path analysis. PLoS ONE, 17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267514.
- Marthalina, M., Joeliaty, J., Yunizar, Y., & Soemaryani, I. (2025). Work-life balance woman working in the government sector. International Journal of Organizational Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-03-2024-4372
- Martin, M., & Stanfill, A. (2023). On the road to achieving work–life balance in academia. Clinical and Translational Science, 16, 553 - 556. https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.13485
- Mazzetti, G., Vignoli, M., Schaufeli, W., & Guglielmi, D. (2019). Work addiction and presenteeism: The buffering role of managerial support. International Journal of Psychology, 54, 174–179. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12449.
- Mbangula, D. (2025). Examining the Intersections between Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Practices in Higher Education Institutions to Improve Institutional Success. Innovare Journal of Education. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijoe.2025v13i1.52826
- McDonald, N. M., & Messinger, D. S. (2011). The development of empathy: How, when, and why. In E. D. University of Miami.
- Medhesap (2025, 1 Haziran) Örneklem Boyutu Hesaplama, Erişim adresi: https://www.medhesap.com/orneklem-boyutu-hesaplama/
- Meyza, K. Z., Bartal, I. B. A., Monfils, M. H., Panksepp, J. B., & Knapska, E. (2017). The roots of empathy: Through the lens of rodent models. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 76, 216-234.
- Miraglia, M., & Johns, G. (2016). Going to work ill: A meta-analysis of the correlates of presenteeism and a dual-path model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21(3), 261–283.
- Montano, D., Reeske, A., Franke, F., & Hüffmeier, J. (2017). Leadership, followers' mental health and job performance in organisations: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(3), 327–350.
- Munir, F., Yarker, J., Haslam, C., Long, H., Leka, S., & Griffiths, A. (2007). Work factors related to psychological and health-related distress among UK employees. Health Promotion International, 22(1), 26–34.
- Newton, B. W. Savidge, M. A., Barber, L., Cleveland, E., Clardy, J., Beeman, G. & Hart, T. (2000). Differences in medical students' empathy. Academic Medicine, 75(12), 1215.
- O'Callaghan, G. (2013). How awareness of Presenteeism positively or negatively impacts managerial attitudes and or behaviours. (Doctoral Dissertation) National College of Ireland, Dublin.
- Oruç, Ş. (2015). Presenteizm ile örgütsel sessizlik arasındaki ilişki üzerine bir araştırma, (Yayımlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Aksaray Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Aksaray.
- Özdemir, B. N., & Söyük, S. (2023). Sağlık çalışanlarında presenteeism ve iş yaşam dengesi arasındaki ilişki. Journal of International Health Sciences and Management, 9(18), 52-61.
- Ricci JA, Chee E (2005) Lost Productive Time Associated With Excess Weight İn The US Workforce, Journal Of Occupational And Environmental Medicine. 47(12): 1227-1234
- Rogers, C. R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science (Vol. 3, pp. 184–256). McGraw-Hill.
- Sarker, S., Xiao, X., Sarker, S. and Ahuja, M. (2012). Managing Employees Use of Mobile Technologies to Minimise Work Life Balance Impacts. MIS Quarterly Executive
- Seçkin, Ş. N. (2021). İşyeri nezaketsizliğinin geri çekilme davranışlarına etkisi: tükenmişliğin aracı, kişisel adil dünya inancının düzenleyici rolü, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 28(2), 421–439.
- Sengar, N., & Shah, S. (2024). Examining the Domestic Adversities Imposed by Patriarchy on Working Women: A Sociological Perspective. International Journal of Social Sciences and Management. https://doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v11i4.68209
- Seo, H., Lee, D., Nam, S., Cho, S., Yoon, J., Hong, Y., & Lee, N. (2020). Burnout as a Mediator in the Relationship between Work-Life Balance and Empathy in Healthcare Professionals. Psychiatry Investigation, 17, 951 - 959. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0147.
- Simpson, R. (1998). Presenteeism, Power and Organisational Change: Long Hours as a Career Barrier and the Impact on the Working Lives of Women Managers. British Journal of Management, 9, 37-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.9.S1.5.
- Stern, J. A., & Cassidy, J. (2018). Empathy from infancy to adolescence: An attachment perspective on the development of individual differences. Developmental Review, 48, 31–58.
- Şahin, E. T. (2018). Presenteizm (işte varolamama) ile iş performansı (görev performansı ve bağlamsal performans) arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Kastamonu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Kastamonu.
- Thakur, A., & Goyal, S. (2025). The Intersection of Paid Employment and Unpaid Household Work: Review of Literature on the Impact of Double Burden on Women's Mental Health. Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.52711/2321-5828.2025.00003
- Turi, J., Sorooshian, S., & Javed, Y. (2019). Impact of the cognitive learning factors on sustainable organisational development. Heliyon, 5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02398
- Tutar, H., Mutlu, H. T., & Uzun, H. (2025). Yöneticilerde Empati Yoksunluğu Ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(1), 676-688.
- Valilik, (2025, 24 Nisan) Kayseri Valiliği Resmi Web Sitesi, Erişim Adresi: http://www.kayseri.gov.tr/egitim-ve-kultur-durumu
- Wilkinson, H., Whittington, R., Perry, L., & Eames, C. (2017). Examining the relationship between burnout and empathy in healthcare professionals: A systematic review. Burnout research, 6, 18-29.
- Woolfolk, A. (2001). Educational psychology, Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
- Yamashita M, Arakida M (2006) Concept analysis of presenteeism and its possible applications in Japanese occupational health. Journal of Occupational Health. 48(6): 201-213.
- Yean, T., Johari, J., Yahya, K., & Chin, T. (2022). Determinants of Job Dissatisfaction and Its Impact on the Counterproductive Work Behavior of University Staff. SAGE Open, 12. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221123289
- Yılmaz, S. (2022). Sağlık Çalışanlarında İş Yaşam Dengesinin Absenteeisme ve Presenteeisme Etkisi: Ölçek Uyarlama ve Geliştirme Çalışması. (Doktora Tezi) TC İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü.
- Yücel E. (2020) Presenteizm ve İş Tatmini Arasındaki İlişki: Turizm Sektöründe Bir Araştırma, Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 29(1): 226-238.
- Zhang, Y., Liu, H., & Zhao, Y. (2019). Social support, presenteeism, and gender differences: Evidence from Chinese healthcare professionals. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 75(3), 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.
- Zhang, Y., Fu, Y., Zheng, X., Shi, X., Liu, J., & Chen, C. (2025). The impact of nursing work environment, emotional intelligence, and empathy fatigue on nurses' presenteeism: a structural equation model. BMC Nursing, 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-02905-4.
- Zolkefli, Y. (2024). Finding the Right Balance in Nurses' Sickness Presenteeism. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 29, 379. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_292_23


