Cilt 8 Sayı 2 (2020): Business & Management Studies: An International Journal
Makaleler

ÖRGÜT İÇİ GÜÇ İLİŞKİLERİ VE SOSYAL AĞLAR: GIDA SEKTÖRÜNDE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

PDF
  • Mehtap ÖZTÜRK,
  • Rifat İRAZ
Mehtap ÖZTÜRK
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi, Selçuk Üniversitesi
Rifat İRAZ
Prof. Dr., Selçuk Üniversitesi
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v8i2.1473

Yayınlanmış 2020-06-25

Anahtar Kelimeler

  • Resource Dependence Theory, Social Network Theory, Social Network Analysis.
  • Kaynak Bağımlılığı Kuramı, Sosyal Ağ Kuramı, Sosyal Ağ Analizi.

Nasıl Atıf Yapılır

ÖZTÜRK, M., & İRAZ, R. (2020). ÖRGÜT İÇİ GÜÇ İLİŞKİLERİ VE SOSYAL AĞLAR: GIDA SEKTÖRÜNDE BİR ARAŞTIRMA. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 8(2), 2140–2172. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v8i2.1473

Özet

Kaynak bağımlılığı kuramı açık sistemler olan örgütlerin varlığını devam ettirmesinin anahtarı olan kaynakları nasıl elde ettiğini açıklamaya yönelik bir teoridir. Bu kuram, politik yapılar olarak ele aldıkları örgütleri, çevre ile olan ilişkileri ve kaynak edinimi sırasında ortaya çıkan bağımlılık ilişkilerinin yanı sıra örgütlerde bağımlılık durumunu ortaya çıkaran güç kavramını da temel almaktadır. Kaynak bağımlılığı kuramında güç kavramı hem örgütün iç süreçlerindeki ilişkilerde ve kararlarda hem de dış çevresindeki aktörlerle olan ilişkilerinde örgüt davranışlarının belirleyicisi olmaktadır. Örgütlerde karar alma süreçlerinin politik bir nitelik taşıdığı ve örgütlerin politik anlamda bir koalisyon olarak algılanabileceği düşüncesinden hareketle, bu çalışmada örgütlerin alt birimleri arasındaki güç ve bağımlılık ilişkileri incelenmiştir. Bu ilişkilerin incelenmesinde aktörler arasındaki ilişkilere ve bu ilişkilerin niteliklerine odaklanan sosyal ağ kuramından yararlanılmıştır. Örgütlerde alt birimler arasında güç ve bağımlılık ilişkilerinin sonucu ortaya çıkan sosyal ağlar merkezilik ve yapısal boşluklar kuramı çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında ileri sürülen önermeler gıda sektöründe faaliyet gösteren bir holding üzerinde sınanmıştır. Örgütsel alt birimler arasında kaynak edinimi sırasında oluşan yüksek bağımlılığı ve güç dengesizliğini azaltmak amacıyla örgütsel alt birimler sosyal ağlarında merkezi konumda yer alma eğiliminde oldukları ve alt birimler arasında güç dengesizliği sonucunda ortaya çıkan yüksek bağımlılık ilişkilerini azaltmak amacıyla sosyal ağlarında aracılık ilişkilerini kullanma eğiliminde oldukları tespit edilmiştir.

PDF

İndirmeler

İndirme verileri henüz mevcut değil.

Referanslar

  1. Allen, R.W., Madison, D. L., Porter, L. W., Renwick, P. A. & Mayes, B. T. (1979). Organizational Politics: Tactics and Characteristic of Its Actor. California Management Review, 22, 77-83.
  2. Astley, G.W. & Zajac, E. J. (1990). Beyond Dyadic Exchange: Functional Interdependence and Sub-unit Power. Organization Studies, 11 (4), 481-501.
  3. Astley, W. G. & Sachdeva, P. S. (1984). Structural Sources of Interorganizational Power: A Theoretical Synthesis. Academy of Management Review, 9 (1), 104-113.
  4. Beyer, J. M. & Lodahl, T. M. (1976). A Comparative Study of Patterns of Influence in United States and English Universities. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21 (1), 104-129.
  5. Bienenstock, E. J. & Bonacich, P. (1992). The Core as a Solution to Exclusionary Networks. Social Networks,14 (3-4), 231-243.
  6. Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: John Wiley.
  7. Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G. & Freeman, L.C. (2002). Ucinet for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis. Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies.
  8. Brass, D. J. (1984). Being in The Right Place: A Structural Analysis of Individual Influence in an Organization. Administrative Science Quartetly, 29 (4), 518-539.
  9. Brass, D. J. & Burkhardt, M. E. (1992). Centrality and Power in Organizations. (Ed. Nitin Nohria, Robert G. Eccles). Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 191–215.
  10. Brass, D. J. & Burkhardt, M. E. (1993). Potential Power and Power Use: An Investigation of Structure and Behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 441-470.
  11. Brass, D. J. (2002). Intraorganizational Power and Dependence. (Editör: Joel A.C. Baum). Companion to Organizations, New York: Blackwell, 38-157.
  12. Burkhardt, M. E. & Brass, D. J. (1990). Changing Patterns or Patterns of Change: The Effects of a Change in Technology on Social Network Structure and Power. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35 (1), 104-127.
  13. Burt, R.S. (1984). Network Items and The General Social Survey. Social Networks, 6 (4), 293-339.
  14. Burt, R. S. (1992). Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
  15. Burt, R. S. (1997). The Contingent Value of Social Capital. Administrative Science Quartetly, 42 (2), 339-365.
  16. Campbell, K. E. & Lee, B. A. (1991). Name Generators in Surveys of Personal Networks. Social Networks, 13 (3), 203-221.
  17. Christopoulos, D. & Ingold, K. (2015). Exceptional or Just Well Connected? Political Entrepreneurs and Brokers in Policy Making. European Political Science Review, 7 (3), 475-498.
  18. Christopoulos, D. & Quaglia, L. (2009). Network Constraints in EU Banking Regulation: The Capital Requirements Directive. Journal of Public Policy, 29 (2), 179-200.
  19. Clegg, S.R. (1979). The Theory of Power and Organization. London; Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  20. Clegg, S. R., Courpasson, D. & Phillips, N. (2006). Power and Organizations. London; Thousand Oaks; New Delhi: SAGE Publications.
  21. Cook, K. S. & Whitmeyer, J. M. (1992). Two Approaches to Social Structure: Exchange Theory and Network Analysis. Annual Review of Sociology, 18, 109-127.
  22. Cook, K. S. & Yamagishi, T. (1992). Power in Exchange Networks: A Power-Dependence Formulation. Social Networks, 14, 245-265.
  23. Crozier, M. (1964). The Bureaucratic Phenomenon. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  24. Cyert, R. & March, J.G. (1963). A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. New Jersey, USA: Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall.
  25. Davis, G. F. & Cobb, A.J. (2009). Resource Dependence Theory: Past and Future, Research in The Sociology of Organizations, 28, 21-42.
  26. Davis, J. A., Smith, T. W. & Marsden, P. V. (2007). General Social Surveys, 1972-2006 [Cumulative File]. Michigan: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research.
  27. Demers, C. (2007). Organizational Change Theories: A Synthesis. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
  28. Dirlik, S. (2014). Türkiye’de Egemen İktisadi Aktörler Olarak İşletme Grupları. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumları, 51 (594), 9-36.
  29. Donaldson, L. (1995). American Anti-Management Theories of Organization: A Critique of Paradigm Proliferation. USA: Cambridge University Press.
  30. Emerson, R. M. (1962). Power-Dependence Relations, American Sociological Review, 27, 31-41.
  31. Emirbayer, M. & Goodwin, J. (1994). Network Analysis, Culture, and the Problem of Agency. American Journal of Sociology, 99 (6), 1411-1454.
  32. Erdoğan, B. (1997). Örgütsel Güç ve Politika. Yönetim, 8 (26), 21-31.
  33. Erickson, B. H. (1996). Culture, Class, and Connections. American Journal of Sociology, 102 (1), 217-251.
  34. Erickson, B.H. (2004). The Distribution of Gendered Social Capital in Canada. (Editör: Henk Flap ve Beate Völker). Creation and Returns of Social Capital, London: Routledge, 27-50.
  35. Finkelstein, S. (1992). Power in Top Management Teams: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation. Academy of Management Journal, 35 (3), 505‐538.
  36. Fischer, C. S. (1982). What Do We Mean by ‘Friend’? An Inductive Study. Social Networks, 3 (4), 287-306.
  37. Fombrun, C. J. (1983). Attributions of Power Across A Social Network. Human Relations, 36 (6), 493-508.
  38. Freeman, L. C., Borgatti, S. P. & White, D. R. (1991). Centrality in Valued Graphs: A Measure of Betweenness Based on Network Flow. Social Networks, 13, 141-154.
  39. Freeman, L.C. (1979). Centrality in Social Networks. 1. Conceptual Clarification. Social Networks, 1, 215-239.
  40. Fu, Y. (2005). Measuring Personal Networks with Daily Contacts: A Single-Item Survey Question and The Contact Diary. Social Networks, 27, 169–186.
  41. Gabbay, S. M. & Leenders, R. Th. A. J. (2001). Social Capital of Organizations: From Social Structure to the Management of Corporate Social Capital. (Editör: Shaul M. Gabbay ve Roger Th. A. J. Leenders). Social Capital of Organizations, Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Volume 18, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 1-30.
  42. Gargiulo, M. & Ertuğ, G. (2014). The Power of The Weak. (Editör: Daniel J. Brass, Giuseppe Labianca, Ajay Mehra, Daniel S. Halgin, Stephen P. Borgatti). Contemporary Perspectives on Organizational Social Networks (Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Volume 40). Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 179-198.
  43. Gargiulo, M. (1993). Two-Step Leverage: Managing Constraint in Organizational Politics. Administrative Science Quarterly,38 (1), 1-19.
  44. Gargiulo, M., Ertuğ, G. & Galunic, C. (2009). The Two Faces of Control: Network Closure and Individual Performance among Knowledge Workers. Administrative Science Quarterly. 54 (2), 299-333.
  45. Gökşen, N. S. & Üsdiken, B. (2001). Uniformity and Diversity in Turkish Business Groups: Effects of Scale and Time of Founding. British Journal of Management, 12 (4), 325-340.
  46. Gürsakal, N. (2009). Sosyal Ağ Analizi. Bursa: Dora Yayın Dağıtım.
  47. Hagedoorn, J. (2006). Understanding the Cross-Level Embeddedness of Interfirm Partnership Formation. The Academy of Management Review, 31 (3), 670-680.
  48. Hanneman, R. A. & Riddle, M. (2005). Introduction to Social Network Methods. Digital Form: http://faculty.ucr.edu/~hanneman/.
  49. Hansen, M. T. (1999). The Search-Transfer Problem: The Role of Weak Ties in Sharing Knowledge across Organization Subunits. Administrative Science Quartetly, 44 (1), 82-111.
  50. Hansen, M. T., Podolny, J. M. & Pfeffer, J. (2001). So Many Ties, So Little Time: A Task Contingency Perspective on Corporate Social Capital in Organizations. (Editör: Shaul M. Gabbay, Roger Th. A. J. Leenders). Social Capital of Organizations (Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Volume 18). Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 21-57.
  51. Hills, F.S. & Mahoney, T. A. (1978). University Budgets and Organizational Decision Making. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23 (3), 454-465.
  52. Homans, G. C. (1958). Social Behavior as Exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63 (6), 597-606.
  53. Homans, G. C. (1974). Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms. England: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
  54. Jacob, E. (2016). Dependency Network Analysis (DEPNA) Reveals Context Related Influence of Brain Network Nodes. Scientific Reports, 6 (27444), 1-19.
  55. Jacobs, D. (1974). Dependency and Vulnerability: An Exchange Approach to the Control of Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly,19 (1 ), 45-59.
  56. Johnson, B.L. (1995). Resource Dependence Theory: A Political Economy Model of Organizations. University of Utah, Educational Resource, Salt Lake City, USA.
  57. Kırkbeşoğlu, E. (2011). Türkiye'de Örgüt Seçkinleri: Farklılıkları ve Etkileri Kapsamında Seçkinliğin Yeniden Değerlendirilmesi. Başkent Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Ankara.
  58. Kilduff, M. & Tsai, W. (2003). Social Network and Organizations. London: Sage Publications.
  59. Krackhardt, D. (1990). Assessing The Political Landscape: Structure, Cognition and Power in Organization. Administrative Science Quartetly, 35, 342-369.
  60. Lawrence, P.R. & Lorsch, J. W. (1967). Differentiation and Integration in Complex Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 12 (1), 1‐47.
  61. Lin, N. & Dumin, M. (1986). Access to Occupations Through Social Ties. Social Networks, 8, 365-85.
  62. Lin, N. (2008). A Network Theory of Social Capital. (Eds. Dario Castiglione, Jan W. Van Deth, Guglielmo Wolleb). The Handbook of Social Capital. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
  63. Lin, N., Cook, K. S. & Burt, R. S. (2001). Social Capital: Theory and Research. New York: Transaction Publishers.
  64. Lodahl, J. B. & Gordon, G. (1973). Funding the sciences in university departments. Educational Record, 54, 74-82.
  65. Marsden, P. V. & Campbell, K. E. (1984). Measuring Tie Strength. Social Forces, 63 (2),482-501.
  66. Marsden, P. V. (2003). Interviewer Effects in Measuring Network Size Using a Single Name Generator. Social Networks, 25 (1), 1-16.
  67. Marsden, P.V. (1990). Network Data and Measurement. Annual Review of Sociology, 16 (1), 435-463.
  68. McCallister, L. & Fischer, C. S. (1978). A Procedure for Surveying Personal Networks. Sociological Methods & Research, 17 (2), 131-148.
  69. Meydan, C. H. (2012). Kaynak Bağımlılığı Kuramı. (Derleyenler: H. Cenk Sözen ve H. Nejat Basım). Örgüt Kuramları (2. Baskı), İstanbul: Beta Basım.
  70. Mintzberg, H. (1983). Power in and Around Organizations. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
  71. Mizruchi, M. S. & Yoo, M. (2002). Interorganizational Power and Dependence. (Editör: Joel A.C. Baum) Companion to Organizations, New York: Blackwell, 599-620.
  72. Monge, P. R. & Contractor, N. S. (2001). Emergence of Communication Networks. (Editör: Fredric M. Jablin ve Linda L. Putnam). The New Handbook of Organizational Communication Advances in Theory, Research, and Methods, California: Sage Publications, 440-503.
  73. Moody, J. & Paxton, P. (2009). Building Bridges: Linking Social Capital and Social Networks to Improve Theory and Research. American Behavioral Scientist, 52 (11), 1491-1506.
  74. Najarzadeh, R., Soleimani, M. & Reed, M. (2014). Measuring Social Capital Using the Position Generator Model (A Case Study of Elite Individuals in Tehran Province-Iran). International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4 (11), 165-177.
  75. Nonino, F. (2013). The Network Dimensions of Intra-Organizational Social Capital. Journal of Management & Organization, 19 (4), 454-477.
  76. Özkoç, A.G. (2009). Kaynak Bağımlılığının Yönetilmesinde Örgütsel İdeolojinin Stratejik Rolü: Otel İşletmelerine Yönelik Bir Model Önerisi. Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Sakarya.
  77. Pennings, J. (1973). Measures of organizational structure: A methodological note. American Journal of Sociology, 79(3), 686-704.
  78. Pettigrew, A. M. (1973). Politics of Organizational Decision-Making. London: Tavistock.
  79. Pfeffer, J. & Salancik, G. R. (1974). Organizational Decision Making as a Political Process: The Case of a University Budget. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19 (2), 135-151.
  80. Pfeffer, J. & Salancik, G. R. (1977). Organization Design: The Case for a Coalitional Model of Organizations. Organizational Dynamics, 6 (2), 15-29.
  81. Pfeffer, J, & Salancik, G, R. (1978). The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. New York: Harper and Row.
  82. Pfeffer, J. (1981). Power in Organizations. Massachusetts: Pitman Publishing Inc.
  83. Pfeffer, J. (1992). Understanding Power in Organizations. California Management Review, 34 (2), 29‐50.
  84. Pfeffer, J. (1999). Güç Merkezli Yönetim: Örgütlerde Politika ve Nüfuz. (Çev.Elif Özsayar). İstanbul: Boyner Holding Yayınları.
  85. Pfeffer, J.& Salancik, G. R. (2003). Introduction to The Classic Edition, The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  86. Pfeffer, J. (2005). Developing Resource Dependence Theory: How Theory is Affected by its Environment. (Editör: Ken G. Smith ve Michael A. Hitt). Great Minds in Management: The Process of Theory Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 436-459.
  87. Polsby, N. W. (1960). How to Study Community Power: The Pluralist Alternative. Journal of Politics, 22 (3), 474-484.
  88. Provan, K. G., Beyer, J. M., & Kruytbosch, C. (1980). Environmental linkages and power in resource-dependence relations between organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 200-225.
  89. Salancik, G. R. & Pfeffer, J. (1974). The Bases and Use of Power in Organizational Decision Making: The Case of a University. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19 (4), 453-473.
  90. Salancik, G. R. & Pfeffer, J. (1977). Who Gets Power and How They Hold On to It: A Strategic-Contingency Model of Power, Organizational Dynamics, 5, 3-21.
  91. Sargut, S. A. (2006). Sosyal Sermaye: Yapının Sunduğu Bir Olanak Mı, Yoksa Bireyin Amaçlı Eylemi Mi?. Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 12, 1-13.
  92. Sargut, S., Varoğlu, A. K., Özen, Ş., Oğuz, F., Sözen, C., Yeloğlu, O. & Sağsan, M. (2007). Ulusal İş Sistemi ve Örgüt Ağları: Devlete Bağımlılık ve Merkez-Çevre İkiliğinin Örgütler Arası İlişkilere Etkisi. TÜBİTAK Projesi, Proje No: 106K174, Ankara.
  93. Sayğan Tunçay, S. & Süral Özer, P. (2017). Asil-Vekil İlişkilerinin Kültürel Bağlamda Sosyal Ağ Kuramı Çerçevesinde Sosyal Ağ Analizi Kullanılarak İncelenmesi. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9 (2), 478-510.
  94. Sayılar, Y. (2013). Kaynak Bağımlılığı Kuramı. (Editör: Deniz Taşcı, Erkan Erdemir). Örgüt Kuramı. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayını, 48-83.
  95. Scott, J. (2000). Social Network Analysis A Handbook (2. Baskı). London: SAGE Publications.
  96. Snijders, T.A.B. (1999). Prologue to the Measurement of Social Capital. La Revue Tocqueville, 20, 27–44.
  97. Sözen, C. H. & Gürbüz, S. (2012). Örgütsel Ağlar. (Derleyen: Sözen, Cenk H. ve Basım Nejat H.). Örgüt Kuramları. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş., 301-325.
  98. Sözen, C. H. & Yeloğlu, O. H. (2009). Interorganizational and Interdepartmental Resource Dependency of E-Government Applications. International Journal of eBusiness and eGovernment Studies, 1 (1), 15-26.
  99. Thompson, J. D. (1967). Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw Hill.
  100. Tsai, W. & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social Capital and Value Creation: The Role of Intrafirm Networks. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 464–476.
  101. Tsai, W. (2001). Knowledge Transfer in Intraorganizational Networks: Effects of Network Position and Absorptive Capacity on Business Unit Innovation and Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 996–1004.
  102. Tushman, M. L. & Romanelli, E. (1983). Uncertainty, Social Location and Influence in Decision Making: A Sociometric Analysis. Management Science, 29 (1), 12-23.
  103. Üsdiken, B. (2010). Çevresel Baskı ve Talepler Karşısında Örgütler: Kaynak Bağımlılığı Yaklaşımı. (Derleyen: A. Selami Sargut ve Şükrü Özen). Örgüt Kuramları, Ankara: İmge Yayıncılık, 77-132.
  104. Üsdiken, B. (2008). Türkiye’de İşletme Grupları: Özel Sayıya Giriş. Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8 (1-2), 5-21.
  105. Van Der Gaag, M.P.J. & Snijders, T. A.B. (2004). Proposals for the Measurement of Individual Social Capital. (Ed. Henk Flap, Beate Völker). Creation and Returns of Social Capital, London: Routledge, 199–218.
  106. Van Der Gaag, M.P.J. & Snijders, T. A.B. (2005). The Resource Generator: Social Capital Quantification with Concrete Items. Social Networks, 27 (1), 1-29.
  107. Van Wijk, R., Jansen, J. J. P. & Lyles, M. A. (2008). Inter- and Intra-Organizational Knowledge Transfer: A Meta-Analytic Review and Assessment of its Antecedents and Consequences. Journal of Management Studies, 45 (4), 830-853.
  108. Walther, O. J. & Christopoulos, D. (2014). Islamic Terrorism and the Malian Rebellion. Terrorism and Political Violence,27 (3), 497-519.
  109. Wasserman, S. & Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. United States of America: Cambridge University Press.
  110. Wellman, B. (1979). The Community Question: The Intimate Networks of East Yorkers. American Journal of Sociology, 84 (5), 1201-1231.
  111. White, D. R. & Borgatti, S. P. (1994). Betweenness Centrality Measures for Directed Graphs. Social Networks, 16 (4), 335-346.
  112. Zald, M. N. (1970). Power in Organizations. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.